Method and system for controlling an emission control device based on depletion of device storage capacity

ABSTRACT

A method of optimizing vehicle emissions during lean engine operation is disclosed wherein an emission control device receiving engine exhaust gases is filled with one or more constituent gases of the exhaust gas to a predetermined fraction of the device storage capacity, and is then completely emptied during a subsequent purge. As the device storage capacity is substantially reduced, as indicated by an actual fill time becoming equal to or less than a predetermined minimum fill time, a device regeneration cycle is performed to attempt to restore device capacity. A programmed computer controls the fill and purge times based on the amplitude of the voltage of a switching-type oxygen sensor and the time response of the sensor. The frequency of the purge, which ideally is directly related to the device capacity depletion rate, is controlled so that the device is not filled beyond its storage capacity limit.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0001] 1. Technical Field

[0002] The invention relates to a method of controlling the nominal fill and purge times used in connection with an emission control device to facilitate “lean-burn” operation of an internal combustion engine.

[0003] 2. Background Art

[0004] Generally, the operation of a vehicle's internal combustion engine produces engine exhaust that includes a variety of constituent gases, including carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), and nitrogen oxides (NO_(x)). The rates at which the engine generates these constituent gases are dependent upon a variety of factors, such as engine operating speed and load, engine temperature, spark timing, and EGR. Moreover, such engines often generate increased levels of one or more constituent gases, such as NO_(x), when the engine is operated in a lean-burn cycle, i.e., when engine operation includes engine operating conditions characterized by a ratio of intake air to injected fuel that is greater than the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio, for example, to achieve greater vehicle fuel economy.

[0005] In order to control these vehicle tailpipe emissions, the prior art teaches vehicle exhaust treatment systems that employ one or more three-way catalysts, also referred to as emission control devices, in an exhaust passage to store and release select constituent gases, such as NO_(x), depending upon engine operating conditions. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,437,153 teaches an emission control device which stores exhaust gas NO_(x) when the exhaust gas is lean, and releases previously-stored NO_(x) when the exhaust gas is either stoichiometric or “rich” of stoichiometric, i.e., when the ratio of intake air to injected fuel is at or below the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio. Such systems often employ open-loop control of device storage and release times (also respectively known as device “fill” and “purge” times) so as to maximize the benefits of increased fuel efficiency obtained through lean engine operation without concomitantly increasing tailpipe emissions as the device becomes “filled.” The timing of each purge event must be controlled so that the device does not otherwise exceed its NO_(x) storage capacity, because NO_(x) would then pass through the device and effect an increase in tailpipe NO_(x) emissions. The frequency of the purge is preferably controlled to avoid the purging of only partially filled devices, due to the fuel penalty associated with the purge event's enriched air-fuel mixture.

[0006] The prior art has recognized that the storage capacity of a given emission control device is itself a function of many variables, including device temperature, device history, sulfation level, and the presence of any thermal damage to the device. Moreover, as the device approaches its maximum capacity, the prior art teaches that the incremental rate at which the device continues to store the selected constituent gas may begin to fall. Accordingly, U.S. Pat. No. 5,437,153 teaches use of a nominal NO_(x)-storage capacity for its disclosed device which is significantly less than the actual NO_(x)-storage capacity of the device, to thereby provide the device with a perfect instantaneous NO_(x)-storing efficiency, that is, so that the device is able to store all engine-generated NO_(x) as long as the cumulative stored NO_(x) remains below this nominal capacity. A purge event is scheduled to rejuvenate the device whenever accumulated estimates of engine-generated NO_(x) reach the device's nominal capacity.

[0007] The amount of the selected constituent gas that is actually stored in a given emission control device during vehicle operation depends on the concentration of the selected constituent gas in the engine feedgas, the exhaust flow rate, the ambient humidity, the device temperature, and other variables. Thus, both the device capacity and the actual quantity of the selected constituent gas stored in the device are complex functions of many variables.

[0008] When the engine is operated using a fuel containing sulfur, sulfur is stored in the device and causes a decrease in both the device's absolute capacity to store the selected constituent gas, and the device's instantaneous efficiency to store the selected constituent gas. When such device sulfation exceeds a critical level, the absorbed. SOX must be “burned off” or released during a regeneration or desulfation event, during which device temperatures are raised above perhaps about 650° C. in the presence of excess HC and CO. By way of example only, U.S. Pat. No. 5,746,049 teaches a device desulfation method which includes raising the device temperature to at least 650° C. by introducing a source of secondary air into the exhaust upstream of the NO_(x) device when operating the engine with an enriched air-fuel mixture and relying on the resulting exothermic reaction to raise the device temperature to the desired level to purge the device of SOX.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0009] It is an object of the invention to provide a method and system for controlling an emission control device based on the depletion of the device's capacity to store a selected engine-generated constituent gas.

[0010] Under the invention, a method of filling and purging an emission control device, located in an exhaust passage of an engine upstream from an oxygen sensor, is provided so that the device is substantially filled to capacity with a constituent gas of the engine-generated exhaust gas during a fill time and is substantially emptied of previously-stored constituent gas during a subsequent purge time. The method includes calculating the depletion of device capacity of the device based on a calibrated device filling rate in engine speed load regions multiplied by the time spent in the region; continuously summing the calculated depletion; and scheduling a purge event when the summed calculated depletion exceeds a predetermined value for capacity depletion, wherein the predetermined value for capacity depletion is less than 100%.

[0011] In accordance with a feature of the invention, the calibrated device filling rate is preferably modified as a function of air-fuel ratio, EGR and spark advance and, further, as a function of device temperature. In an exemplary embodiment, the device filling rate is advantageously mapped over an engine speed and load operating range using a representative calibration for device temperature, air-fuel ratio, EGR and spark advance, with the depletion of device capacity being a time-weighted sum based on the amount of time spent in a given speed-load region utilizing the mapped filling rates in each region modified to account for the difference between existing and calibrated operating conditions.

[0012] In accordance with another feature of the invention, the method preferably further includes purging the device for a purge time t_(P)(k), and monitoring the output signal of an oxygen sensor to determine the purge time t_(P)(k+1) for the next purge cycle based on the output voltage of the sensor. In this manner, the purge time is iteratively optimized for the current storage capacity of the device. Most preferably, the fill time is likewise optimized by adjusting the fill time using predetermined increments that are respectively greater than and less than an initial fill time until the change in the purge time with respect to the corresponding fill time equals a predetermined target value.

[0013] According to yet another feature of the invention, the method further preferably includes scheduling a device regeneration event, such as a desulfation event, is the thus-adjusted purge time is less than a predetermined purge time for a non-deteriorated device minus an offset. Most preferably, the method includes scheduling at least one additional regeneration event if the device purge time does not increase as a result of a previous regeneration cycle; and, upon the scheduling of a predetermined number of additional regeneration cycles, triggering a warning indication.

[0014] From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that the invention beneficially utilizes information related to the quantity of a constituent gas of the engine-generated exhaust gas that is stored in an emission control device, along with the maximum capacity of the device to store such constituent gas, to adjust device purge parameters, storage capacity depletion rate (the rate at which device storage capacity is decreased during the filling process), purge time, and strength of purge in real time during engine operation in a vehicle. Still further, a decision to regenerate the device, for example, by purging the device of accumulated sulfur, is made based on the observed reduction in device storage capacity and the related increase in the storage capacity depletion rate. Thus, the device is operated continuously at its optimum condition of constituent-gas conversion efficiency, thereby minimizing tailpipe emissions while maximizing vehicle fuel economy. Intelligent regeneration of the device ensures that the constituent-gas conversion efficiency of the device is always maintained above a given minimum.

[0015] The above object and other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention are readily apparent from the following detailed description of the best mode for carrying out the invention when taken in connection with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0016]FIG. 1 is a diagram of an engine control system that embodies the principles of the invention;

[0017]FIG. 2 is a graph showing the voltage response of an oxygen sensor versus air-fuel ratio;

[0018]FIG. 3 shows various graphs comparing (a) engine air-fuel ratio, (b) tailpipe oxygen sensor response, (c) EGO data capture, and (d) tailpipe CO, versus time for a short purge time (1), a medium purge time (2) and a long purge time (3);

[0019]FIG. 4 is a more detailed view of oxygen sensor response versus time for a short purge time (1), a medium purge time (2) and a long purge time (3);

[0020]FIG. 5 is a plot of normalized oxygen sensor saturation time t_(sat) as a function of purge time t_(P);

[0021]FIG. 6 is a plot of normalized saturation time t_(sat) versus oxygen sensor peak voltage V_(P) for the case where the oxygen sensor peak voltage V_(P) is less than a reference voltage V_(ref);

[0022]FIG. 7 shows the relationship between device purge time t_(P) and device fill time t_(F) and depicts the optimum purge time t_(P) _(T) for a given fill time t_(F) _(T) , with two sub-optimal purge points 1 and 2 also illustrated;

[0023]FIG. 7a shows the relationship between purge time and fill time when the purge time has been optimized for all fill times. The optimum purge time t_(P) _(T) and fill time t_(F) _(T) represent the preferred system operating point T. Two sub-optimal points A and B that lie on the response curve are also shown;

[0024]FIG. 8 shows the relationship between device purge time t_(P) and fill time t_(F) for four different device operating conditions of progressively increasing deterioration in NO_(x) device capacity and further shows the extrapolated purge times for the oxygen storage portion t_(P) _(OSC) of the total purge time t_(P);

[0025]FIG. 9 shows the relationship between NO_(x) device capacity and purge time for four different device conditions with progressively more deterioration caused by sulfation, thermal damage, or both;

[0026]FIG. 10 is a flowchart for optimization of device purge time t_(P);

[0027]FIG. 11 is a flowchart for system optimization;

[0028]FIG. 12 is a flowchart for determining whether desulfation of the device is required;

[0029]FIG. 13 is a plot of the relationship between the relative oxidant stored in the device and the relative time that the device is subjected to an input stream of NO_(x);

[0030]FIG. 14 is a plot of relative purge fuel versus relative fill time;

[0031]FIG. 15 is a map of the basic device filling rate R_(ij) (NO_(x) capacity depletion) for various speed and load points at given mapped values of temperature, air-fuel ratio, EGR and spark advance;

[0032]FIGS. 16a-16 d show a listing of the mapping conditions for air-fuel ratio, EGR, spark advance, and device temperature, respectively, for which the device filling rates R_(ij) were determined in FIG. 15;

[0033]FIG. 17 shows how device capacity depletion rate modifier varies with temperature;

[0034]FIG. 18 shows how the air-fuel ratio, EGR, and spark advance modifiers change as the values of air-fuel ratio, EGR and spark advance vary from the mapped values in FIG. 16; and

[0035]FIG. 19 is a flowchart for determining when to schedule a device purge.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT(S)

[0036] Referring now to the drawings, and initially to FIG. 1, a powertrain control module (PCM) generally designated 10 is an electronic engine controller including ROM, RAM and CPU, as indicated. The PCM controls a set of injectors 12, 14, 16 and 18 which inject fuel into a four-cylinder internal combustion engine 20. The fuel injectors are of conventional design and are positioned to inject fuel into their associated cylinder in precise quantities as determined by the controller 10. The controller 10 transmits a fuel injector signal to the injectors to maintain an air-fuel ratio (also “AFR”) determined by the controller 10. An air meter or air mass flow sensor 22 is positioned at the air intake of the manifold 24 of the engine and provides a signal regarding air mass flow resulting from positioning of the throttle 26. The air flow signal is utilized by controller 10 to calculate an air mass value which is indicative of a mass of air flowing per unit time into the induction system. A heated exhaust gas oxygen (HEGO) sensor 28 detects the oxygen content of the exhaust gas generated by the engine, and transmits a signal to the controller 10. The HEGO sensor 28 is used for control of the engine air-fuel ratio, especially during stoichiometric engine operation.

[0037] As seen in FIG. 1, the engine-generated exhaust gas flows through an exhaust treatment system that includes, in series, an upstream emission control device 30, an intermediate section of exhaust pipe 32, a downstream emission control device 34, and the vehicle's tailpipe 36. While each device 30,34 is itself a three-way catalyst, the first device 30 is preferably optimized to reduce tailpipe emissions during engine operation about stoichiometry, while the second device 34 is optimized for storage of one or more selected constituent gases of the engine exhaust gas when the engine operates “lean,” and to release previously-stored constituent gas when the engine operates “rich.” The exhaust treatment system further includes a second HEGO sensor 38 located downstream of the second device 34. The second HEGO sensor 38 provides a signal to the controller 10 for diagnosis and control according to the present invention. The second HEGO sensor 38 is used to monitor the HC efficiency of the first device 30 by comparing the signal amplitude of the second HEGO sensor 38 with that of the first HEGO sensor 28 during conventional stoichiometric, closed-loop limit cycle operation.

[0038] In accordance with another feature of the invention, the exhaust treatment system includes a temperature sensor 42 located at a mid-point within the second device 34 that generates an output signal representative of the instantaneous temperature T of the second device 34. Still other sensors (not shown) provide additional information to the controller 10 about engine performance, such as camshaft position, crankshaft position, angular velocity, throttle position and air temperature.

[0039] A typical voltage versus air-fuel ratio response for a switching-type oxygen sensor such as the second HEGO sensor 38 is shown in FIG. 2. The voltage output of the second HEGO sensor 38 switches between low and high levels as the exhaust mixture changes from a lean to a rich mixture relative to the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio of approximately 14.65. Since the air-fuel ratio is lean during the fill time, NO_(x) generated in the engine passes through the first device 30 and the intermediate exhaust pipe 32 into the second device 34 where it is stored.

[0040] A typical operation of the purge cycle for the second device 34 is shown in FIG. 3. The top waveform (FIG. 3a) shows the relationship of the lean fill time t_(F) and the rich purge time t_(P) for three different purge times, 1, 2, and 3. The response of the second HEGO sensor 38 for the three purge times is shown in the second waveform (FIG. 3b). The amount of CO and HC passing through the second device 34 and affecting the downstream sensor 38 is used as an indicator of the effectiveness of the second device's purge event. The peak voltage level of the tailpipe oxygen sensor is an indicator of the quantities of NO_(x) and O₂ that are still stored in the second device 34. For a small purge time 1, a very weak response of the oxygen sensor results since the second device 34 has not been fully purged of NO_(x), resulting in a small spike of tailpipe CO and closely related second HEGO sensor response. For this case, the peak sensor voltage V_(P) does not reach the reference voltage V_(ref). For a moderate or optimum purge time 2, the second HEGO sensor's response V_(P) equals the reference voltage V_(ref), indicating that the second device 34 has been marginally purged, since an acceptably very small amount of tailpipe Co is generated. For a long purge 3, the second HEGO sensor's peak voltage exceeds V_(ref), indicating that the second device 34 has been either fully purged or over-purged, thereby generating increased and undesirably high tailpipe CO (and HC) emissions, as illustrated by the waveform in FIG. 3d.

[0041] The data capture window for the second HEGO sensor voltage is shown in the waveform in FIG. 3c. During this window the PCM acquires data on the second HEGO sensor 38 response. FIG. 4 shows an enlarged view of the response of the sensor 38 to the three levels of purge time shown in FIG. 3. The time interval Δt₂₁ is equal to the time interval that the sensor voltage exceeds V_(ref). For a peak sensor voltage V_(P) which is less than the reference voltage V_(ref), the PCM 10 provides a smooth continuation to the metric of FIG. 5 by linearly extrapolating the sensor saturation time t_(sat) from t_(sat)=t_(sat) _(ref) to t_(sat)=0. The PCM 10 uses the ftlinerelationship shown in FIG. 6, making the sensor saturation time t_(sat) proportional to the peak sensor voltage V_(P), as depicted therein.

[0042]FIG. 5 shows the relationship between the normalized oxygen sensor saturation time t_(sat) and the purge time t_(P). The sensor saturation time t_(sat) is the normalized amount of time that the second HEGO sensor signal is above V_(ref) and is equal to Δt₂₁/Δt₂₁ _(norm) , where Δt₂₁ _(norm) is the normalizing factor. The sensor saturation time t_(sat) is normalized by the desired value t_(sat) _(desired) . For a given fill time t_(F) and state of the second device 34, there is an optimum purge time t_(P) _(P) _(sat) _(—) _(desired) that results in an optimum normalized saturation time t_(sat)=1 for which the tailpipe HC and CO are not excessive, and which still maintains an acceptable device NO_(x)-storage efficiency. For a sensor saturation time t_(sat)>1, the purge time is too long and should be decreased. For a sensor saturation time t_(sat)<1, the purge time is too short and should be increased. Thus, closed-loop control of the purge of the second device 34 can be achieved based on the output of the second HEGO sensor 38.

[0043]FIG. 7 shows the nominal relationship between the purge time t_(P) and the fill time t_(F) for a given operating condition of the engine and for a given condition of the second device 34. The two sub-optimal purge times t_(P) _(subopt1) and t_(P) _(subopt2) correspond to either under-purging or over-purging of the second device 34 for a fixed fill time t_(P) _(F) _(T) . The purge time t_(P) that optimally purges the second device 34 of stored NO_(x) is designated as t_(P) _(T) . This point corresponds to a target or desired purge time, t_(sat)=t_(sat) _(desired) . This purge time minimizes CO tailpipe emissions during the fixed fill time t_(F) _(T) . This procedure also results in a determination of the stored-oxygen purge time t_(P) _(OSC) , which is related to the amount of oxygen directly stored in the second device 34. Oxygen can be directly stored in the form of cerium oxide, for example. The stored-oxygen purge time t_(P) _(OSC) can be determined by either extrapolating two or more optimum purge times to the t_(F)=0 point or by conducting the t_(P) optimization near the point t_(F)=0. Operating point T2 is achieved by deliberately making t_(F) _(T2) <t_(F) _(T) and finding t_(P) _(T2) through the optimization.

[0044]FIG. 7a illustrates the optimization of the fill time t_(F). For a given fill time t_(F) _(T) , the optimum purge time t_(P) _(T) is determined, as in FIG. 7. Then the fill time is dithered by stepping to a value t_(F) _(B) that is slightly less than the initial value t_(F) _(T) and stepping to a value t_(F) _(A) that is slightly greater than the initial value t_(F) _(T) . The purge time optimization is applied at all three points, T, A, and B, in order to determine the variation of t_(P) with t_(F). The change in t_(P) from A to T and also from B to T is evaluated. In FIG. 7a, the change from B to T is larger than the change from A to T. The absolute value of these differences is controlled to be within a certain tolerance DELTA_MIN, as discussed more fully with respect to FIG. 11. The absolute value of the differences is proportional to the slope of the t_(P) versus t_(F) curve. This optimization process defines the operating point, T, as the “shoulder” of the t_(P) versus t_(F) curve. T_(P) _(sat) represents the saturation value of the sat purge time for infinitely long fill times.

[0045] The results of the purge time t_(P) and fill time t_(F) optimization routine are shown in FIG. 8 for four different device states comprising different levels of stored NO_(x) and oxygen. Both the purge time t_(P) and the fill time t_(F) have been optimized using the procedures described in FIGS. 7 and 7a. The point determined by FIG. 8 is designated as the optimum operating point T1, for which the purge time is t_(P) _(T1) and the fill time is t_(F) _(T1) . The “1” designates that the second device 34 is non-deteriorated, or state A. As the second device 34 deteriorates, due to sulfur poisoning, thermal damage, or other factors, device states B, C, and D will be reached. The purge and fill optimization routines are run continuously when quasi-steady-state engine conditions exist. Optimal operating points T2, T3, and T4 will be reached, corresponding to device states B, C, and D. Both the NO_(x) saturation level, reflected in t_(P) _(T1) , t_(P) _(T2) , t_(P) _(T3) , and t_(P) _(T4) , the oxygen storage related purge times, t_(P) _(OSCT1) , t_(P) _(OSCT2) , t_(P) _(OSCT3) , and t_(P) _(OSCT4) ,

[0046] will vary with the state of the second device 34 and will typically decrease in value as the second device 34 deteriorates. The purge fuel for the NO_(x) portion of the purge is equal to t_(P) _(NOx) =t_(P) _(T) −t_(P) _(OSC) .

[0047] It will be appreciated that the purge fuel is equivalent to purge time for a given operating state. The controller 10 regulates the actual purge fuel by modifying the time the engine 20 is allowed to operate at a predetermined rich air-fuel ratio. To simply the discussion herein, the purge time is assumed to be equivalent to purge fuel at the assumed operating condition under discussion. Thus, direct determination of the purge time required for the NO_(x) stored and the oxygen stored can be determined and used for diagnostics and control.

[0048]FIG. 9 illustrates the relationship between the NO_(x) purge time t_(P) _(NOx)

[0049] and the NO_(x)-storage capacity of the second device 34. States A, B, and C are judged to have acceptable NO_(x) efficiency, device capacity and fuel consumption, while state D is unacceptable. Therefore, as state D is approached, a device desulfation event is scheduled to regenerate the NO_(x)-storage capacity of the second device 34 and reduce the fuel consumption accompanying a high NO_(x) purging frequency. The change of t_(P) _(OSC) can provide additional information on device aging through the change in oxygen storage.

[0050]FIG. 10 illustrates the flowchart for the optimization of the purge time t_(P). The objective of this routine is to optimize the air-fuel ratio rich purge spike for a given value for the fill time t_(F). This routine is contained within the software for system optimization, hereinafter described with reference to FIG. 11. At decision block 46, the state of a purge flag is checked and if set, a lean NO_(X) purge is performed as indicated at block 48. The purge flag is set when a fill of the second device 34 has completed. For example, the flag would be set in block 136 of FIG. 19 when that purge scheduling method is used. At block 50, the oxygen sensor (EGO) voltage is sampled during a predefined capture window to determined the peak voltage V_(P) and the transition times t₁ and t₂ if they occur. The window captures the EGO sensor waveform change, as shown in FIG. 3c. If V_(P)>V_(ref), as determined by decision block 52, then the sensor saturation time t_(sat) is proportional to Δt₂₁, the time spent above V_(ref) by the EGO sensor voltage as indicated in blocks 54 and 56. Where V_(P)<V_(ref), t_(sat) is determined from a linearly extrapolated function as indicated in block 58. For this function, shown in FIG. 6, t_(sat) is determined by making t_(sat) proportional to the peak amplitude V_(P). This provides a smooth transition from the case of V_(P)>V_(ref) to the case of V_(P)<V_(ref) providing a continuous, positive and negative, error function t_(sat) _(error) (k) suitable for feedback control as indicated in block 60, wherein the error function t_(sat) _(error) (k) is equal to a desired value t_(sat) _(desired) for the sensor saturation time minus the actual sensor saturation time t_(sat). The error function t_(sat) _(error) (k) is then normalized at block 62 by dividing it by error oftlinethe desired sensor saturation time t_(sat) _(desired) .

[0051] The resulting normalized error t_(sat) _(error —) _(norm) (k)

[0052] is used as the input to a feedback controller, such as a PID (proportional-differential-integral) controller. The output of the PID controller is a multiplicative correction to the device purge time, or PURGE_MUL as indicated in block 64. There is a direct, monotonic relationship between t_(sat) _(error—) _(norm) (k)

[0053] and PURGE_MUL. If t_(sat) _(Error—) _(norm) (k)>0,

[0054] the second device 34 is being under-purged and PURGE_MUL must be increased from its base value to provide more CO for the NO_(x) purge. If t_(sat) _(error—) _(norm) (k)<0,

[0055] the second device 34 is being over-purged and PURGE_MUL must be decreased from its base value to provide less CO for the NO_(x) purge. This results in a new value of purge time t_(P)(k+1)=t_(P)(k)×PURGE_MUL as indicated in block 66. The optimization of the purge time is continued until the absolute value of the difference between the old and new purge time values is less than an allowable tolerance, as indicated in blocks 68 and 70. If |t_(P)(k+1)−t_(P)(k)|≧ε, then the PID feedback control loop has not located the optimum purge time t_(P) within the allowable tolerance ε. Accordingly, as indicated in block 70, the new purge time calculated at block 66 is used in the subsequent purge cycles until block 68 is satisfied. The fill time t_(F) is adjusted as required using Eq.(2) (below) during the t_(P) optimization until the optimum purge time t_(P) is achieved. When |t_(P)(k+1)−t_(P)(k)|<ε, then the purge time optimization has converged, the current value of the purge time is stored as indicated at 72, and the optimization procedure can move to the routine shown in FIG. 11 for the t_(F) optimization. Instead of changing only the purge time t_(P), the relative richness of the air-fuel ratio employed during the purge event (see FIG. 3) can also be changed in a similar manner.

[0056]FIG. 11 is a flowchart for system optimization including both purge time and fill time optimization. The fill time optimization is carried out only when the engine is operating at quasi-steady state as indicated in block 74. In this context, a quasi-steady state is characterized in that the rates of change of certain engine operating variables, such as engine speed, load, airflow, spark timing, EGR, are maintained below predetermined levels. At block 76, the fill time step increment FILL_STEP is selected equal to STEP_SIZE, which results in increasing fill time if FILL_STEP>0. STEP_SIZE is adjusted for the capacity utilization rate R_(ij) as illustrated in FIG. 14 below.

[0057] At block 78, the purge time optimization described above in connection with FIG. 10, is performed. This will optimize the purge time t_(P) for a given fill time. The PURGE_MUL at the end of the purge optimization performed in block 78, is stored as CTRL_START, and the fill time multiplier FILL_MUL is incremented by FILL_STEP, as indicated in block 80. The fill step is multiplied by FILL_MUL in block 82 to promote the stepping of t_(F). In block 84, the purge optimization of FIG. 10 is performed for the new fill time t_(F)(k+1). The PURGE_MUL at the end of the purge optimization performed in FIG. 10 is stored as CTRL_END in block 86. The magnitude of the change in the purge multiplier CTRL_DIFF=ABS(CTRL_END−CTRL_START) is also stored in block 86 and compared to a reference value DELTA_MIN at block 88. DELTA_MIN corresponds to the tolerance discussed in FIG. 7a, and CTRL_END and CTRL_START correspond to the two values of t_(P) found at A and T or at B and T of FIG. 7a. If the change in purge multiplier is greater than DELTA_MIN, the sign of FILL_STEP is changed to enable a search for an optimum fill time in the opposite direction as indicated at block 90. If the change in purge multiplier is less than DELTA_MIN, searching for the optimum fill time t_(F) continues in the same direction as indicated in block 92. In block 94, FILL_MUL is incremented by the selected FILL_STEP. In block 96 the fill time t_(F)(k+1) is modified by multiplying by FILL_MUL. The result will be the selection of the optimum point t_(P) _(T) as the operating point and continuously dithering at this point. If the engine does not experience quasi-steady state conditions during this procedure, the fill time optimization is aborted, as shown in block 74, and the fill time from Eq. (2) (below) is used.

[0058]FIG. 12 illustrates the flowchart for desulfation of the second device 34 according to the present invention. At block 100, the reference value t_(P) _(NOx) _(ref)

[0059] representative purge time for a non-deteriorated device 34 at the given operating conditions is retrieved from a lookup table. t_(P) _(NO) _(ref)

[0060] may be a function of airflow, air-fuel ratio, and other parameters. At block 102, the current purge time t_(P)(k) is recalled and is compared to t_(P) _(NO) _(ref)

[0061] minus a predetermined tolerance TOL, and if t_(P)(k)<t_(P) _(NO) _(ref) −TOL,

[0062] then a desulfation event for the second device 34 is scheduled. Desulfation involves heating the second device 34 to approximately 650° C. for approximately ten minutes with the air-fuel ratio set to slightly rich of stoichiometry, for example, to 0.98λ. A desulfation counter D is reset at block 104 and is incremented each time the desulfation process is performed as indicated at block 106. After the desulfation process is completed, the optimum purge and fill time are determined in block 108 as previously described in connected with FIG. 11. The new purge time t_(P)(k+1) is compared to the reference time t_(P) _(NO) _(ref)

[0063] minus the tolerance TOL at block 110 and, if t_(P)(k+1)<t_(P) _(NO) _(ref) −TOL,

[0064] at least 2 additional desulfation events are performed, as determined by the decision block 112. If the second device 34 still fails the test then a malfunction indicator lamp (MIL) is illuminated and the device 34 should be replaced with a new one as indicated in block 114. If the condition is met and t_(P)(k)>t_(P) _(NO) _(ref) −TOL,

[0065] the second device 34 has not deteriorated to an extent which requires immediate servicing, and normal operation is resumed.

[0066] A NO_(x)-purging event is scheduled when a given capacity of the second device 34, less than the device's actual capacity, has been filled or consumed by the storage of NO_(x). Oxygen is stored in the second device 34 as either oxygen, in the form of cerium oxide, or as NO_(x) and the sum the two is the oxidant storage. FIG. 13 illustrates the relationship between the oxidant stored in the second device 34 and the time that the device 34 is subjected to an input stream of NO_(x). The NO_(x) storage occurs at a slower rate than does the oxygen storage. The optimum operating point, with respect to NO_(x) generation time, corresponds to the “shoulder” of the curve, or about 60-70% relative NO_(x) generation time for this Figure. A value of 100% on the abscissa corresponds to the saturated NO_(x)-storage capacity of the second device 34. The values for NO_(x) stored and for oxygen stored are also shown. The capacity utilization rate R_(ij) is the initial slope of this curve, the percent oxidant stored divided by the percent NO_(x)-generating time.

[0067]FIG. 14 is similar to FIG. 13 except that the relative purge fuel is plotted versus the relative fill time t_(F). The capacity utilization rate R_(ij) (% purge fuel/% fill time) is identified as the initial slope of this curve. For a given calibration of air-fuel ratio, EGR, SPK at a given speed and load point, the relationship of the relative NO_(x) generated quantity is linearly dependent on the relative fill rate t_(F). FIG. 14 illustrates the relationship between the amount of purge fuel, containing HC and CO, applied to the second device 34 versus the amount of time that the second device 34 is subjected to an input stream of NO_(x). The purge fuel is partitioned between that needed to purge the stored oxygen and that needed to purge the NO_(x) stored as nitrate.

[0068] The depletion of NO_(x)-storage capacity in the second device 34 may be expressed by the following equations. $\begin{matrix} {{RS} = {\sum\limits_{k = 1}^{k = P}{R_{ij}\left( {{speed},{load}} \right)t_{k}}}} & (1) \\ {{{RSM} = {{M_{1}(T)}{\sum\limits_{k = 1}^{k = P}{{M_{2}({AFR})}{M_{3}({EGR})}{M_{4}\left( {SPK}_{ij} \right)}{R_{ij}\left( {\%/s} \right)}t_{k}}}}}{{\text{where}\quad {RS}} \leq {100\% \quad \text{and}\quad {RSM}} \leq {100\%}}{{\text{then}\quad t_{F}} = {\sum\limits_{k = 1}^{k = P}t_{k}}}} & (2) \end{matrix}$

[0069] The base or unmodified device capacity utilization, RS(%), is given by Eq.(1), which represents a time weighted summing of the cell filling rate, R_(ij) (%/s), over all operating cells visited by the device filling operation, as a function of speed and load. The relative cell filling rate, R_(ij) (% purge fuel/% fill time), is obtained by dividing the change in purge time by the fill time t_(F) corresponding to 100% filling for that cell. Note that Eq.(1) is provided for reference only, while Eq.(2), with its modifiers, is the actual working equation. The modifiers in Eq.(2) are M₁ (T) for device temperature T, M₂ for air-fuel ratio, M₃ for EGR, and M₄ for spark advance. The individual R_(ij)'s are summed to an amount less than 100%, at which point the device capacity has been substantially but not fully utilized. For this capacity, the sum of the times spent in all the cells, t_(F), is the device fill time. The result of this calculation is the effective device capacity utilization, RSM(%), given by Eq.(2). The basic filling rate for a given region is multiplied by the time t_(k) spent in that region, multiplied by M₂, M₃, and M₄, and continuously summed. The sum is modified by the device temperature modifier M₁(T). When the modified sum RSM approaches 100%, the second device 34 is nearly filled with NO_(x), and a purge event is scheduled.

[0070]FIG. 15 shows a map of stored data for the basic device filling rate R_(ij). The total system, consisting of the engine and the exhaust purification system, including the first device 30 and the second device 34, is mapped over a speed-load matrix map. A representative calibration for air-fuel ratio (“AFR”), EGR, and spark advance is used. The device temperature T_(ij) is recorded for each speed load region. FIGS. 16a-16 d show a representative listing of the mapping conditions for air-fuel ratio, EGR, spark advance, and device temperature T_(ij) for which the device filling rates R_(ij) were determined in FIG. 15.

[0071] When the actual operating conditions in the vehicle differ from the mapping conditions recorded in FIG. 16, corrections are applied to the modifiers M₁ (T), M₂ (AFR), M₃ (EGR), and M₄ (spark advance). The correction for M₁ (T) is shown in FIG. 17. Because the second device's NO_(x)-storage capacity reaches a maximum value at an optimal temperature T₀, which, in a constructed embodiment is about 350° C., a correction is applied that reduces the second device's NO_(x)-storage capacity when the device temperature T rises above or falls below the optimal temperature T₀, as shown.

[0072] Corrections to the M₂, M₃, and M₄ modifiers are shown in FIGS. 18a-18 c. These are applied when the actual air-fuel ratio, actual EGR, and actual spark advance differ from the values used in the mapping of FIG. 15.

[0073]FIG. 19 shows the flowchart for the determining the base filling time of the second device 34, i.e., when it is time to purge the device 34. If the purge event has been completed (as determined at block 120) and the engine is operating lean (as determined at block 122), then the second device 34 is being filled as indicated by the block 124. Fill time is based on estimating the depletion of NO_(x) storage capacity R_(ij), suitably modified for air-fuel ratio, EGR, spark advance, and device temperature. At block 126 engine speed and load are read and a base filling rate R_(ij) is obtained, at block 128, from a lookup table using speed and load as the entry points (FIG. 15). The device temperature, engine air-fuel ratio, EGR spark advance and time tk are obtained in block 130 (FIGS. 16a-16 d) and are used in block 132 to calculate a time weighted sum RSM, based on the amount of time spent in a given speed-load region. When RSM nears 100%, a purge event is scheduled as indicated in blocks 134 and 136. Otherwise, the device filling process continues at block 122. The fill time determined in FIG. 19 is the base fill time. This will change as the second device 34 is sulfated or subjected to thermal damage. However, the procedures described earlier (FIGS. 7a, 8, and 11), where the optimum fill time is determined by a dithering process, the need for a desulfation is determined, and a determination is made whether the second device 34 has suffered thermal damage.

[0074] The scheduled value of the purge time t_(P) must include components for both the oxygen purge t_(P) _(OSC) and the NO_(x) purge t_(P) _(NOx) .

[0075] Thus, t_(P)=t_(P) _(OSC) +t_(P) _(NOx) .

[0076] The controller 10 contains a lookup table that provides the t_(P) _(OSC), which is a strong function of temperature. For a second device 34 containing ceria, t_(P) _(OSC) obeys the Arrhenius equation, t_(P) _(OSC) =C_(exp)(−E/kT), where C is a constant that depends on the type and condition of the device 34, E is an activation energy, and T is absolute temperature.

[0077] While embodiments of the invention have been illustrated and described, it is not intended that these embodiments illustrate and describe all possible forms of the invention. Rather, the words used in the specification are words of description rather than limitation, and it is understood that various changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. 

What is claimed:
 1. A method of filling and purging an emission control device, located in an exhaust passage of an engine upstream from an oxygen sensor, so that the device is substantially filled to capacity with a constituent gas of the engine-generated exhaust gas during a fill time and is substantially emptied of previously-stored constituent gas during a subsequent purge time, the method comprising: calculating the depletion of device capacity of the device based on a calibrated device filling rate in engine speed load regions multiplied by the time spent in the region; continuously summing the calculated depletion; and scheduling a purge event when the summed calculated depletion exceeds a predetermined value for capacity depletion, wherein the predetermined value for capacity depletion is less than 100%.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the calibrated device filling rate is modified as a function of air-fuel ratio, EGR and spark advance.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the calculated depletion is modified as a function of device temperature.
 4. The method of claim 3, further including: mapping the device filling rate over an engine speed and load operating range using a representative calibration for device temperature, air-fuel ratio, EGR and spark advance, and wherein the depletion of device capacity is a time weighted sum based on the amount of time spent in a given speed-load region utilizing the mapped filling rates in each region modified to account for the difference between existing and calibrated operating conditions.
 5. The method of claim 4, further including purging the device for a purge time t_(P)(k) and monitoring the output signal of an oxygen sensor to determine the purge time t_(P)(k+1) for the next purge cycle based on the output voltage of the sensor.
 6. The method of claim 5, further including optimizing the fill time by adjusting the fill time by predetermined increments respectively greater than and less than an initial fill time until the change in the purge time with respect to the corresponding fill time equals a predetermined target value.
 7. A system for filling and purging an emission control device so that the device is substantially filled to capacity with a constituent gas of the engine-generated exhaust gas during a fill time and is substantially emptied of previously-stored constituent gas during a subsequent purge time, the system comprising: a sensor operative to generate a signal representative of an oxygen concentration in the exhaust flowing through the device; a control module programmed to calculate the depletion of device capacity based on a calibrated device filling rate in engine speed load regions multiplied by the time spent in the region and further programmed to continuously sum the calculated capacity depletion and schedule a purge event when a predetermined percentage of capacity less than 100% is depleted.
 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the module is programmed to modify the calibrated device filling rate as a function of air-fuel ratio, EGR and spark advance.
 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the module is further programmed to modify the calculated depletion as a function of device temperature.
 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the module further includes: a map of the device filling rate over an engine speed and load operating range using a representative calibration for device temperature, air-fuel ratio, EGR and spark advance; and wherein the depletion of device capacity is a time weighted sum based on the amount of time spent in a given speed-load region utilizing the mapped filling rates in each region modified to account for the difference between existing and calibrated operating conditions.
 11. A method of controlling the fill and purge time of an emission control device located upstream of a switching-type oxygen sensor in an exhaust treatment system for an internal combustion engine, wherein the emission control device stores a quantity of a constituent gas of the engine-generated exhaust gas during a first engine operating condition up to a device capacity, and releases stored constituent gas during a second engine operating, the method comprising: calculating device capacity utilization in accordance with the following equation: ${RSM} = {{M_{1}(t)}{\sum\limits_{k = 1}^{k = P}{{M_{2}({AFR})}{M_{3}({EGR})}{M_{4}\left( {SPK}_{ij} \right)}{R_{ij}\left( {\%/s} \right)}t_{k}}}}$

terminating device filling and scheduling a device purge when the capacity of the device is substantially reached; and determining an optimum purge time based on the amplitude of the voltage output of the sensor.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein determining the optimum purge time includes: detecting, in a closed-loop process, whether the peak voltage of the sensor is above or below a reference voltage during a window following a purge cycle, the reference voltage representing an optimum purge time for the effective utilization of the device capacity on the preceding fill cycle, and iteratively adjusting, in an open-loop process, a selected stored value for the purge time to force a measured characteristic of the sensor voltage to equal a reference characteristic of the sensor voltage.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein an optimum fill time is determined by dithering a selected stored value for the fill time about an initial value until the resulting change in purge time with respect to fill time equals a target value.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein a device desulfation event is scheduled if the adjusted selected stored value for the purge time is less than a predetermined purge time for a non-deteriorated device minus an offset.
 15. The method of claim 14, including scheduling at least one subsequent desulfation event if the adjusted selected stored value for the purge time does not increase as a result of a previous desulfation event; and upon scheduling a predetermined number of subsequent desulfation events, triggering a warning indication. 